Form and placement of adjectives

Introduce

An adjective modifies nouns or pronouns.

1. Adjectives are invariable:
They do not change their form depending on the gender or number of the noun.

  • A hot potato
  • Some hot potatoes

2. To emphasise or strengthen the meaning of an adjective use 'very' or 'really':

  • A very hot potato
  • Some really hot potatoes.

Position of adjectives

a) Usually in front of a noun:

  • A beautiful girl.

b) After verbs like "to be", linking verbs like "become", "seem", "appear", "turn", "get", "be",.. and  cognitive verbs like  "look", "taste", "sound", "smell",...

Examples

  • The girl is beautiful
  • You look tired
  • This meat tastes funny

c) After the noun: in some fixed expressions:

Examples

  • The Princess Royal
  • The President elect
  • a court martial

d) After the noun with the adjectives involved, present, concerned:

Examples

  1. I want to see the people involved/concerned (= the people who have something to do with the matter)
  2. Here is a list of the people present (= the people who were in the building or at the meeting)

Be careful! When these adjectives are used before the noun they have a different meaning:

  • An involved discussion = detailed, complex
  • A concerned father = worried, anxious
  • The present situation = current, happening now

e) After indenfinite pronouns like someone, something, anything, noone,...

  • I couldn't see anything wrong here.
 
f) NOTES:  Besides, we can use adjective in structures:
  • be + too + adj + to do something
  •  She is too short to play basketball.
  • be + adj + enough (+for someone/something) + to do something
  •  Lisa is intelligent enough to do that work.
  • Subject + be/ verb + so + adj + that + clause ( S +V)
  •  She is so kind that everyone loves her.
  • S + V + such + a/an + adj + that + clause
  • It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.
  • "It is"  Adj + (for so) + Infinitive

Express opinion or advice

  • It is difficult for me to guess what will happen.
  • It was difficult to answer the question.


g) Adjective in exclamative sentence:

  • What + a/an + adj + Noun !
  • What an awful day!
  • What a beautiful cat!
  • How + adj + S + V!
  • How kind the girl is!
  • How interesting this film is!
  • S + find + it + adj + to do ST
  • Bin found it difficult to learn English.
  • He finds it unpleasant to work in a noisy place.

Forming adjectives

a) Some adjectives can be identified by their endings. Typical adjective endings include:

  1. -able/-ible understandable, capable, readable, incredible
  2. -al mathematical, functional, influential, chemical
  3. -ful beautiful, bashful, helpful, harmful
  4. -ic artistic, manic, rustic, terrific
  5. -ive submissive, intuitive, inventive, attractive
  6. -less sleeveless, hopeless, groundless, restless
  7. -ous gorgeous, dangerous, adventurous, fabulous

Sometimes when adding these endings changes have to be made. Here are some rules for forming adjectives and their exceptions:

Add Exceptions Word Adjective
-al If ending with an ‘e‘, drop it Nature
Function
Natural
Functional
-y If ending with an ‘e‘, drop it Ice
Oil
Icy
Oily
-ful If ending with a ‘y‘, replace with an ‘i Beauty
Peace
Beautiful
Peaceful
-ous/-ious If ending with a ‘y‘, drop it Mystery
Danger
Mysterious
Dangerous
-ic If ending with a ‘y‘, drop it History
Rust
Historic
Rustic

b) Forming adjectives from nouns and verbs

Adjectives can be formed from different words.
They can be formed from nouns:

Noun Adjective
accident accidental
danger dangerous
length long
star starry
wind windy

From verbs:

Verb Adjective
enjoy enjoyable
help helpful
obey obedient
play playful
talk talkative

Or even from other adjectives:

Adjective Adjective
comic comical
correct corrective
elder elderly
red reddish
sick sickly

Some adjectives and adverbs have the same form.

Adjectives

Adverbs

fast

fast

only

only

late

late

pretty

pretty

right

right

short

short

sound

sound

hard

hard

fair

fair

even

even

cheap

cheap

early

early

much

much

little

little